NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS: INDIA’S IMPACT AND CHALLENGES
India is the world’s second-largest emitter of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, contributing nearly 11% of global man-made emissions in 2020, second only to China at 16%. This significant contribution stems mainly from the use of nitrogen fertilizers and animal manure.
SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS
• Nitrogen Fertilizers: Usage in agricultural production is the primary source.
• Animal Manure: Emissions from animal waste also contribute significantly.
• Other Sectors: Emissions from fossil fuels and the chemical industry are not growing as rapidly, while those from aquaculture are increasing, particularly in China.
IMPACT OF NITROUS OXIDE
• Atmospheric Concentration: In 2022, atmospheric N2O concentration reached 336 parts per billion, 25% above pre-industrial levels.
• Longevity: N2O remains in the atmosphere for approximately 117 years, making its impact long-lasting.
• Climate Change: N2O emissions contribute 6.4% of the effective radiative forcing of greenhouse gases, adding about 0.1°C to current global warming.
GLOBAL CONTEXT
• Comparison with Carbon Dioxide: Although carbon dioxide levels are much higher (417 parts per million in 2022), the urgency to address N2O emissions is increasing due to its long-term presence and rapid rise.
• Top Emitters in 2020: The leading emitters were China (16.7%), India (10.9%), the United States (5.7%), Brazil (5.3%), and Russia (4.6%).
CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Agricultural Practices: The increase in N2O emissions is largely driven by agricultural practices, particularly the use of nitrogen fertilizers and the growing demand for meat and dairy products.
• Water Pollution: Inefficient use of nitrogen fertilizers also pollutes groundwater, drinking water, and coastal waters.
• Policy Changes: Experts recommend that India should re-evaluate its subsidization of nitrogen fertilizers, which are currently subsidized by over 80%. Redirecting these subsidies to support alternative production systems could mitigate N2O emissions and improve environmental outcomes.
CALL TO ACTION
The findings highlight the urgent need for India to address its N2O emissions. Changing cropping systems and production practices, along with repurposing fertilizer subsidies, are critical steps to reducing the environmental impact and aligning with global climate goals.
CONCLUSION
The report underscores the importance of tackling nitrous oxide emissions to combat climate change effectively. For India, this means taking significant steps towards sustainable agricultural practices and better management of nitrogen fertilizers and animal manure.
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