Origin and Spread of Naxalism

NAXALISM IN INDIA: ON DECLINE

1. What is Naxalism, and how did it originate?
Naxalism, also referred to as Maoism, is a communist insurgency that began in 1967 in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal, where peasants revolted against local landlords. The movement was inspired by Maoist ideologies, advocating for armed revolution to overthrow the state. It spread across rural and tribal areas in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh, where marginalised communities faced exploitation and poor living conditions.

2. Why did Naxalism grow in certain regions of India?
Naxalism gained momentum in regions marked by poverty, inequality, and government neglect, particularly in tribal and forested areas. The movement exploited these socio-economic conditions, promising land redistribution and better rights for marginalised communities. Its growth was also fueled by the lack of adequate government infrastructure, education, and employment opportunities in these areas. By the late 20th century, the Maoists had a significant presence in what was called the “Red Corridor,” stretching across multiple states.

3. How did the movement transform over time?
Initially an ideological movement for social justice, Naxalism evolved into a militarized rebellion by the 1980s and 1990s. The Maoists formed well-trained guerrilla groups, targeting government officials, security forces, and infrastructure projects. Regions like the Dandakaranya forests in Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra became strongholds for the insurgency, which controlled vast areas and claimed over 20,000 sq km of territory at its peak in 2010. The Maoists implemented strategies such as “area domination” and the establishment of “liberated zones,” engaging directly with Indian security forces.

4. How has the Indian government responded to Naxalism?
The Indian government has implemented a multi-pronged approach to counter the Naxal insurgency. This includes security measures such as special forces operations, the establishment of forward operating bases (FOBs), and the deployment of modern technology to curb Naxal activities. Simultaneously, developmental initiatives like building roads, schools, and healthcare centres in Maoist-affected areas have aimed to integrate neglected communities and weaken support for the rebels. The creation of the Greyhounds, a special anti-Naxal force, and the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) have been instrumental in the counter-insurgency strategy.

5. What is the current status of Naxalism in India?
In recent years, Naxalism has significantly declined, with the Indian government reporting a reduction in Maoist influence from 223 districts in 2008 to 83 districts by 2023. The movement has lost much of its leadership and cadre strength due to sustained military operations, improved governance, and reduced local support. Surrender policies and developmental efforts in affected areas have also played a key role in weakening the insurgency. However, the government remains vigilant, as pockets of Maoist activity still persist in some areas.

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