Natural farming is a method of farming that avoids the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It emphasizes traditional indigenous practices, on-farm biomass recycling, mulching, cow dung-urine formulations, and botanical concoctions for pest management. This approach aims to improve soil fertility and promote ecological balance.
What is the Mission?
As part of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), the Indian government plans to introduce one crore farmers to natural farming practices over the next two years. This will be supported by certification, branding, and the establishment of 10,000 bio-input resource centers.
What Are the Concerns on Yields?
There are significant concerns about the yield potential of natural farming:
• Food Security: Experts worry that a large-scale transition to natural farming could jeopardize food security in a populous country like India. • Yield Variability: Studies have shown mixed results regarding yield outcomes, with some indicating lower productivity for staple crops like wheat and rice.
What Have Been the Findings on the Ground?
• Positive Results: The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) found that natural farming led to improved yields and incomes for some crops in Andhra Pradesh. • Negative Results: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) reported significant yield declines, including a 59% drop in wheat yields and a 32% drop in basmati rice yields, compared to integrated crop management practices.
How Did Two Studies on the Yield Potential of Natural Farming Differ?
• CESS Study: Reported positive outcomes, with lower costs of biological inputs leading to better yields and higher incomes for farmers. • ICAR Study: Highlighted sustainability concerns and significant yield reductions, raising questions about the long-term viability of natural farming on a large scale.
What Happened When Sri Lanka Banned Chemical Fertilizers?
Sri Lanka experienced severe economic and political turmoil after banning chemical fertilizers in favor of natural ones:
• Yield Reductions: Key crops, including rice, saw significant yield reductions. • Food Security Risk: The policy shift endangered the country’s food security. • Economic Impact: The price of food skyrocketed, leading to protests and unrest.
What is the Way Forward?
• Local Implementation: Natural farming could be beneficial at a localized level, especially for supplementary foodstuffs. • Scientific Validation: Rigorous scientific studies are needed to assess the yield potential and sustainability of natural farming before considering nationwide implementation. • Balancing Approaches: A combination of traditional and modern farming practices may help ensure food security while promoting ecological benefits.
Noted economist M.S. Sidhu emphasizes the importance of extensive scientific testing and gradual implementation to avoid risks to national food security. While natural farming has potential benefits, it should be approached cautiously and supported by robust evidence to ensure it can meet the needs of India’s large population.
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