India-Maldives Relations: Historical Context

INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS: STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

1. What is the historical context of India-Maldives relations?
India and the Maldives share a deep historical and cultural relationship, marked by mutual cooperation in areas like trade, tourism, and defence. India has consistently supported the Maldives in times of need, such as providing military assistance during political unrest (Operation Cactus in 1988) and offering financial aid during economic crises. India is one of the Maldives’ most significant partners, helping in sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.

2. Why is the Maldives strategically important for India?
The Maldives, located at the heart of the Indian Ocean, sits near crucial shipping lanes that connect East and West. For India, maintaining strong ties with the Maldives is essential for its maritime security and influence in the region. Given the Maldives’ proximity to India’s Lakshadweep Islands, it plays a key role in India’s security and its efforts to ensure peace and stability in the Indian Ocean Region. The Maldives also serves as a vital partner in India’s “Neighborhood First” policy and its maritime vision “SAGAR” (Security and Growth for All in the Region).

3. How does China’s growing influence impact India-Maldives relations?
In recent years, China has expanded its influence in the Maldives through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China’s involvement in infrastructure projects like the construction of bridges, airports, and housing projects has raised concerns in India. India’s strategic interests in the region face challenges due to China’s increasing presence, which could lead to a security dilemma. Consequently, India has ramped up its diplomatic efforts, providing economic aid, defence cooperation, and infrastructure support to counterbalance China’s growing footprint.

4. What role does the Maldives play in India’s regional diplomacy?
The Maldives is a crucial player in India’s regional diplomacy. As part of its “Neighborhood First” policy, India seeks to strengthen ties with all South Asian countries, with the Maldives being a priority. Through initiatives like the Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP), India aims to enhance economic ties and foster people-to-people connections. India has also helped the Maldives in disaster management, financial aid, and capacity-building programs. Strengthening this bilateral relationship is key to maintaining regional peace, stability, and security.

5. What changes have occurred in India-Maldives relations under the new government of Mohamed Muizzu?
The election of Mohamed Muizzu as President of the Maldives introduced some challenges to India-Maldives relations. Muizzu’s “India Out” campaign, which called for the removal of Indian military personnel from the Maldives, created tension between the two countries. This stance marked a departure from his predecessor Ibrahim Solih’s India-friendly policies. In December 2023, the Muizzu government decided not to renew a pact with India for hydrographic surveys, further highlighting the strain. However, recent talks between defence officials from both sides signal a possible thaw, with both nations reaffirming the need to cooperate on defence and economic projects that ensure stability in the Indian Ocean region.

6. What are the key areas of cooperation between India and the Maldives beyond defence?
Beyond defence, India and the Maldives collaborate extensively in sectors like tourism, trade, healthcare, education, and infrastructure development. The Maldives is a popular tourist destination for Indians, contributing significantly to the island nation’s economy. India has also helped in modernizing Maldivian healthcare facilities and has offered educational scholarships to Maldivian students. The Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP), one of India’s largest infrastructure investments in the Maldives, is an example of how the two countries are deepening economic ties. Additionally, India’s support during the COVID-19 pandemic, including vaccine supplies and medical aid, further strengthened the bilateral partnership.

7. How are tensions between India and the Maldives being resolved?
The recent 2024 September defence talks between Indian Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane and Maldivian Defence Force General Ibrahim Hilmy indicate efforts to resolve tensions. These discussions focused on bilateral cooperation projects, high-level exchanges, and joint military exercises, signalling a willingness to restore ties. Additionally, the emphasis on cooperation in economic and strategic projects shows that both nations are eager to work towards mutual prosperity despite political differences. While some tensions remain, such talks serve as a foundation for rebuilding trust and collaboration.

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