Flash floods, landslides, and a destructive stream of cold lava from Mount Marapi, an active volcano in Sumatra, Indonesia, have recently resulted in significant destruction and loss of life, highlighting the severe impact of volcanic activity.
Understanding Cold Lava
What is Cold Lava?
Cold lava, also known as "lahar" in Javanese, is a deadly mixture of water and rock fragments. Unlike molten lava, lahars are composed of volcanic debris and water, which flow rapidly down the slopes of a volcano. They can travel at high speeds, spreading across wide areas and entering river valleys, causing significant destruction.
Impact and Risks
High-Speed Flows:
Lahars can flow at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per hour and can travel distances of up to 60 km from the volcano. This makes them incredibly dangerous and capable of causing widespread damage.
Destructive Potential:
According to the United States Geological Survey, lahars are often more destructive and deadlier than regular lava flows. They have the potential to crush or bury almost anything in their path. By destroying infrastructure such as bridges and roads, they can trap people in areas vulnerable to further volcanic activities.
Scientific Insights
Experts explain that even a small eruption can produce devastating lahars by melting snowcaps. A small eruption of ash or lava can melt enough of that snowcap to produce devastating lahars.
Geological Context
Indonesia, situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire, is home to 127 active volcanoes—more than any other country in the world. This region frequently experiences landslides and flash floods, exacerbated by its geographical location. Mount Marapi alone has erupted 11 times in the 21st century, with a significant eruption in December 2023 that spewed ash up to 3,000 meters into the air, covering nearby towns and villages.
Ongoing Threats
Indonesian authorities continue to warn residents and climbers to avoid areas within a 4.5 km radius of Mount Marapi's crater. The recent activity underscores the ongoing volcanic threat faced by millions living in mountainous or flood-prone areas across Indonesia’s vast archipelago of over 17,000 islands.
The recent tragedy in Sumatra serves as a stark reminder of the powerful forces of nature and the need for vigilance and preparedness in regions prone to volcanic activity.
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