Why should we study migration patterns in India?
One important facet of study on population is the study of migration arising out of various social, economic or political reasons. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society better. At this junction in the economic development, in the country, especially when many states are undergoing faster economic development, particularly in areas, such as, manufacturing, information technology or service sectors, data migration profile of population has become more important.
Who is a migrant according to the Census department in India?
When a person is enumerated in census at a different place than his / her place of birth, she / he is considered a migrant. This may be due to marriage, which is the most common reason for migration among females-or for work, what is the case as generally among males, etc.
Why does migration take place- urban to rural and rural to urban?
Opportunities in urban areas for employment, education, etc have been a pull factor attracting migrants from rural to urban areas and from smaller towns and cities to larger urban areas. There is also migration in the opposite direction from urban to rural areas due to various reasons: overcrowded, increasing pollution, generalized security concerns; slum life is difficult; no jobs; and a rising cost of living
What are the findings of Census Data, 2011 that was released recently?
• India’s migration patterns are skewed on more than one count. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have a disproportionately high number of out-migrants, while migrants constitute more than one-third of the population in metros like Delhi and Mumbai.
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
• As widely believed, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are responsible for the most migrants. According to the 2011 Census, 20.9 million people migrated outside from the two states.
• This is 37% of the total number of people who were inter-state migrants.
Delhi and Mumbai
• Delhi and Mumbai are widely considered migrant magnets and the 2011 Census bears that out.
• According to it migrants from other states in Delhi and Mumbai numbered 9.9 million, or almost a third of the combined population of 29.2 million in these two metropolises that year.
Hindi Belt
• The Hindi belt is the main source of migrants. According to the census, four states, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh accounted for 50% of India’s total inter-state migrants.
• On the other side, Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana housed 50% of the country’s inter-state migrants.
• These shares are much higher than the share of these states in India’s total population.
• Interestingly, Uttar Pradesh figures in both lists – while there are people who leave it in search of livelihoods, there are also clearly people who head for it in search of livelihoods.
Intra-State Migration
• Between 2001 and 2011, there was an increase in the growth rate of migrants headed for other destinations within their own states as compared to those headed outward.
• The number of so-called inter-state migrants grew at 55% between the 1991 and the 2001 Census. This came down to just 33% between the 2001 and 2011 Census.
• In contrast, the rate of growth in inter-district migrants (within the same state) increased from 30% between the 1991 and 2001 census to 58% between 2001 and 2011.
• Not only are people moving within states, they are moving within districts.
• The growth in intra-district migration (movement within the same district) increased from 33% to 45% between 1991-2001 and 2001-11.
• Evidently, people are finding better opportunities closer home than they were before.
Female Migration
• Most women migrate due to marriage, and distance is a critical factor in determining the gender gap in migration for work and education.
Reasons for migration
• The reasons vary by gender.
• Two-thirds of women who reported having migrated from their last place of residence cited marriage as the reason.
• Among men, work and business account for one-third of total migrations, which is also the single largest reason for migration among men.
• While migration for marriage among women is skewed towards closer distances, men do not seem to factor in distance while migrating for work.
• The gender-gap in migration for economic purposes (work, business and education) increases with the distance of migration.
• For every women who migrated for work, business or education, the number of men who migrated within district, across districts but within states and across states was 3.2, 4.3 and 7.4 respectively.